EDITORIAL LIBRARY

All articles

Browse the complete library by subject. Each article remains autonomous and links to the concepts or tests needed to go further.

High-voltage monitoring

High-voltage network monitoring and protection: modules and CMUs, BMS, contactors, precharge, fuse, pyrotechnic disconnect, HVIL and inverter

How to Use Line Biasing in Diagnosis

Oscilloscope trace showing diagnostic pulses on the control line of a disconnected water pump

Diagnostic reasoning

Pull-Up and Pull-Down: How Biasing Reveals a Line Fault

Diagram comparing normal operation of a pull-up-biased analog sensor line, an open circuit and a short circuit to ground

Electrical principles

Pull-Up and Pull-Down: How an Input Receives a Defined State

Pull-up and pull-down diagrams showing the defined input voltage with the switch open and closed

Electrical principles

Testing Binary Information: State Changes and Logic Levels

Example of voltage thresholds for a 5 V binary input, showing low, undefined and high logic regions

Electrical testing

The IPO Principle: Understanding the Functional Chain

IPO diagram showing several inputs entering an ECU, processing, and several outputs including another ECU

Diagnostic reasoning

Common Sensor Supply Stage Fault: Identifying and Diagnosing the Failure

Diagram showing several 5 V ECU outputs supplied by a common internal stage and all collapsing when one output is short-circuited to ground

Diagnostic reasoning

The ECU Doesn’t Describe Reality. It Describes What It Believes It Sees.

Automotive electronic control unit placed on a workshop tool cabinet

Diagnostic reasoning

Why an Ohmmeter Is Not Enough to Validate Electrical Continuity in a Circuit

Resistance measurement across an automotive fuse using two multimeter probes

Electrical testing

48 Volts – The Intermediate Architecture Redefining Automotive Energy Management

48 V and 12 V electrical domains linked by a DC/DC converter in a vehicle architecture