EDITORIAL LIBRARY

All articles

Browse the complete library by subject. Each article remains autonomous and links to the concepts or tests needed to go further.

How to Use Line Biasing in Diagnosis

Oscilloscope trace showing diagnostic pulses on the control line of a disconnected water pump

Diagnostic reasoning

Pull-Up and Pull-Down: How Biasing Reveals a Line Fault

Diagram comparing normal operation of a pull-up-biased analog sensor line, an open circuit and a short circuit to ground

Electrical principles

Pull-Up and Pull-Down: How an Input Receives a Defined State

Pull-up and pull-down diagrams showing the defined input voltage with the switch open and closed

Electrical principles

Testing Binary Information: State Changes and Logic Levels

Example of voltage thresholds for a 5 V binary input, showing low, undefined and high logic regions

Electrical testing

The IPO Principle: Understanding the Functional Chain

IPO diagram showing several inputs entering an ECU, processing, and several outputs including another ECU

Diagnostic reasoning

Common Sensor Supply Stage Fault: Identifying and Diagnosing the Failure

Diagram showing several 5 V ECU outputs supplied by a common internal stage and all collapsing when one output is short-circuited to ground

Diagnostic reasoning

The ECU Doesn’t Describe Reality. It Describes What It Believes It Sees.

Automotive electronic control unit placed on a workshop tool cabinet

Diagnostic reasoning

Why an Ohmmeter Is Not Enough to Validate Electrical Continuity in a Circuit

Resistance measurement across an automotive fuse using two multimeter probes

Electrical testing

48 Volts – The Intermediate Architecture Redefining Automotive Energy Management

48 V and 12 V electrical domains linked by a DC/DC converter in a vehicle architecture